Free PDF Chemistry Worksheets To Download or Print

Free PDF Chemistry Worksheets To Download or Print This is an assortment of science worksheets in pdf position. The responses to the inquiries are accessible on independent worksheets so you can round them out and afterward check your work. If it's not too much trouble don't hesitate to download these to your PC, print them, and use them as hand-outs. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids WorksheetMetric to English Conversions WorksheetMetric to English Conversions AnswersMetric to Metric Conversions WorksheetMetric to Metric Conversions AnswersTemperature Conversions WorksheetTemperature Conversions AnswersTemperature Conversions Worksheet #2Temperature Conversions Answers #2Moles to Grams Conversions WorksheetMoles to Grams Conversions AnswersFormula or Molar Mass WorksheetFormula or Molar Mass Worksheet AnswersPracticing Balancing Chemical Equations - WorksheetBalancing Chemical Equations - AnswersPracticing Balancing Chemical Equations - Worksheet #2Balancing Chemical Equations - Answers #2Practicing Balancing Chemical Equations - Worksheet #3Balancing Chemical Equations - Answers #3Balancing Equations - Worksheet #4Balancing Equations - Answer Key #4Common Acid Names Formulas - WorksheetAcid Names and Formulas - AnswersPractice Calculations with Moles - WorksheetMole Calculations - AnswersAcid Base pH - WorksheetAcid Base pH - An swers Gas LawsGas Laws AnswersGas Laws Answers - Shown WorkLimiting Reagent - WorksheetLimiting Reagent - AnswersCalculating Molarity - WorksheetCalculating Molarity - AnswersBalancing Redox Reactions - WorksheetBalancing Redox Reactions - AnswersPrintable Element CrosswordPrintable Element Crossword - AnswersChemical Names to Chemical Formulas - WorksheetChemical Names to Chemical Formulas - Answer KeyChemical Formulas to Chemical Names - WorksheetChemical Formulas to Chemical Names - Answer Key Printable Periodic Tables Here are some printable occasional tables to get you out, additionally in pdf position. Shading Printable Periodic Table - Pretty much all that you need that can fit on a page and still be intelligible. Shading table with nuclear numbers, component images, component names, nuclear loads, periods, and gatherings. [2013 Edition] [2012 Edition]Black/white Printable Periodic Table - Black/white table with nuclear numbers, component images, component names, nuclear loads, periods. [2013 Edition] [2012 Edition]Blank Printable Periodic Table - Fill in the containers yourself.Electron Configuration Periodic Table - Periodic table that rundowns the electron designs for each element.Color Printable Periodic Table - Color table with nuclear numbers, component images, nuclear loads, periods, and gatherings. (no names)Basic Printable Periodic Table - Black/white table with nuclear numbers, component images, nuclear loads, periods. (no names)Basic Periodic Table with Element Names - Black/white table with component images, names, nuclear numbers, and periods. (no weights)Basic Period ic Table with Element Names (shading) - Color occasional table with component images, names, nuclear numbers, periods, and gatherings. (no loads) The nuclear loads given on these tables are the latest (2007) values as acknowledged by the IUPAC. Printable Scientific Method Flow Chart This is a stream graph of the means of the logical technique, accessible as a PDF document: Logical Method PDF Additionally accessible is a PDF of a pie diagram of the basic organization of the human body.

How Rosa Parks Helped Spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott

How Rosa Parks Helped Spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African-American needle worker, would not surrender her seat to a white man while riding on a city transport in Montgomery, Alabama. For doing this, Rosa Parksâ was captured and fined for violating the laws of isolation. Rosa Parks refusal to leave her seat started the Montgomery Bus Boycott and is viewed as the start of the advanced Civil Rights Movement. Isolated Busses Rosa Parks was brought up in Alabama, a state known for its unforgiving isolation laws. Notwithstanding discrete water fountains, washrooms, and schools for African-Americans and whites, there were independent guidelines with respect to seating on city transports. On transports in Montgomery, Alabama (the city wherein Rosa Parksâ lived), the main columns of seats were saved for whites just; while African-Americans, who paid a similar ten penny admission as the whites, were required to discover situates in the back. On the off chance that all the seats were taken yet another white traveler boarded the transport, at that point a line of African-American travelers sitting in the transport would be required to surrender their seats, regardless of whether it implied they would need to stand. Notwithstanding the isolated seating on Montgomery city transports, African Americans were frequently made to pay their transport passage at the front of the transport and afterward get off the transport and return through the indirect access. It was normal for transport drivers to drive off before the African-American traveler had the option to get back on the transport. Albeit African-Americans in Montgomery lived with isolation day by day, these out of line arrangements on city transports were particularly upsetting. Not exclusively did African-Americans need to bear this treatment two times per day, consistently, as they went to and from work, they realized that they, and not the whites, made up most of transport travelers. It was the ideal opportunity for a change. Rosa Parks Refuses to Leave Her Bus Seat After Rosa Parks went home at the Montgomery Fair retail chain on Thursday, December 1, 1955, she boarded the Cleveland Avenue transport at Court Square to return home. At that point, she was pondering a workshop she was sorting out and in this manner she was somewhat diverted as she sat down on the transport, which ended up being in the column directly behind the area saved for whites.1 At the following stop, the Empire Theater, a gathering of whites boarded the transport. There were still enough open seats in the columns held for whites for everything except one of the new white travelers. The transport driver, James Blake, definitely known to Rosa Parks for his harshness and inconsiderateness, stated, Let me have those front seats.2 Rosa Parks and the other three African-Americans situated in her column didnt move. So Blake the transport driver stated, Yall better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats.3 The man close to Rosa Parks stood up and Parks let him pass by her. The two ladies in the seat opposite her additionally got up. Rosa Parks stayed situated. Albeit just one white traveler required a seat, every one of the four African-American travelers were required to stand up on the grounds that a white individual living in the isolated South would not sit in a similar column as an African American. Notwithstanding the unfriendly looks from the transport driver and different travelers, Rosa Parks wouldn't get up. The driver told Parks, Well, Im going to have you captured. What's more, Parks reacted, You may do that.4 Why Didnt Rosa Parks Stand Up? At that point, transport drivers were permitted to convey firearms so as to implement the isolation laws. By declining to surrender her seat, Rosa Parks may have been gotten or beaten. Rather, on this specific day, Blake the transport driver just remained outside the transport and trusted that the police will show up. As they trusted that the police will show up, a considerable lot of different travelers got off the transport. Huge numbers of them asked why Parks didnt simply get up like the others had done. Parks was eager to be captured. In any case, it was not on the grounds that she needed to be engaged with a claim against the transport organization, notwithstanding realizing that the NAACP was searching for the correct offended party to do so.5 Rosa Parks was likewise not very old to get up nor excessively drained from a difficult day at work. Rather, Rosa Parks was simply tired of being abused. As she depicts in her collection of memoirs, The main tired I was, was sick of giving in.6 Rosa Parks Is Arrested Subsequent to sitting tight for a brief period on the transport, two police officers came to capture her. Parks solicited one from them, Why do all of you push us around? To which the police officer reacted, I dont know, however the law is the law and youre under arrest.7 Rosa Parks was taken to City Hall where she was fingerprinted and captured and afterward positioned in a cell with two other ladies. She was discharged soon thereafter on bail and was back at home by around 9:30 or 10 p.m.8 While Rosa Parks was en route to prison, updates on her capture circled around the city. That night, E.D. Nixon, a companion of Parks just as the leader of the neighborhood section of the NAACP, inquired as to whether she would be the offended party in a claim against the transport organization. She said yes. Additionally that night, updates on her capture prompted plans for a one-day blacklist of the transports in Montgomery on Monday, December 5, 1955 - a similar day as Parks preliminary. Rosa Parks preliminary kept going close to thirty minutes and she was seen as blameworthy. She was fined $10 and an extra $4 for court costs. The one-day boycottâ of the transports in Montgomery was fruitful to the point that it transformed into a 381-day blacklist, presently called the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott finished when the Supreme Court decided that the transport isolation laws in Alabama were illegal. Notes 1. Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks: My Story (New York: Dial Books, 1992) 113.2. Rosa Parks 115.3. Rosa Parks 115.4. Rosa Parks 116.5. Rosa Parks 116.6. As cited in Rosa Parks 116.7. Rosa Parks 117.8. Rosa Parks 123.

Rogers vs. American Airlines

Social viewpoint thinks about law as impression of social convictions; consequently, it would recommend that Rogers should act as indicated by regularly excepted social standards and change her hairdo. Be that as it may, strife viewpoint considers law to be an apparatus of abuse, and thinks law shields predominant class, American Airline, by forcing Rogers to change hairdo and by forcing the thoughts of reasonable haircut onto workers. Looking at these two viewpoints, incline toward struggle point of view in light of the fact that ethnocentric judgment and roundabout thinking can be found in the social perspectives.Cultural point of view demonstrates that law reflects social convictions of a general public by explaining and systematizing shared traditions and qualities. Despite the fact that it does to consistently comprise with customs or standards, law for the most part grounded in the way of life of a general public, since law is established in how individuals see the world capaci ties, what individuals see to be acceptable or fiendish, what individuals consider to be guidelines of appropriate practices, and how individuals expect themselves as well as other people carry on in day by day life.Nevertheless, inside a huge, complex organized society, numerous subgroups really have various convictions and decisions upon specific practices; in this situation, law, as indicated by Savaging hypothesis, assumes to communicate basic cognizance of individuals in this general public. Henceforth, away needs to speak to standard musings that are held by huge piece of population.Moreover, Minimalists exhibits that law is an assortment of restricting commitments. At the point when contradictions rise up out of various social convictions of subgroups inside a general public, law is important to explain ambiguousness by lighting up which explicit standards and customs have been systematized as authenticity and, therefore, uphold those real traditions by mingling people into s hare values.Additionally, The investigates of social viewpoint stimulate from the contention that law gets from standards and it is obstinate with standards, bringing up that roundabout thinking includes in social point of view, and, all the more significantly, the measure for standardized traditions might be ethnocentric or for some specific subgroups (Beer, 9/2). The social point of view feels that law ought to reflect customs and standards of a general public and uphold authentic norms.Accordingly, concerning Rogers case, social viewpoint would state that Rogers need to follow the mutual qualities on proper business kick and law need to mingle Rogers into those common qualities for three after reasons. To start with, the social traditions expect cap individuals of specific callings, for example, air terminal activities operators, keep up moderate and professional pictures. Subsequently, to comprise with customs, law ought to request that Rogers change her trademark hairdo into a normal one to fit into expected business images.Second, in light of the fact that Rorer's obligations included broad traveler contact, she was relied upon to play out the best to serve her shoppers, which included satisfying travelers with a proper expert, slick look. Since the greater part of individuals would not think about all-braised haircut as confession booth and legitimate look, it is sensible to quire Rogers to follow social custom and change into a suitable hairdo. Third, it is regular awareness that representatives of corporate organizations are relied upon to progress in the direction of the eventual benefits of organizations as long as the organizations' advantages don't abuse their common rights.American Airline employed and managed Rorer's living for reason for extending its own incomes. What's more, as a representative of American Airline, Rogers was relied upon to work for profiting her organization. In this way, if American Airline believed that Rorer's hairdo had negative impact on its income and its approaches didn't latte Rogers social liberties as they were applied similarly to representatives everything being equal and sexes, social Custom would recommend that Rogers ought to think about changing her haircut. Also, law is utilized to mingle people with repulsive norms.In Rogers case, as per social point of view, law needs to mingle Rogers by meaning her to fit in the regular adequate social standards. Generally speaking, social viewpoint proposes law to request Rogers to mitigate a found personality and fit into the standard of social standards. Dissimilar to social viewpoint that sees law as impression of pleasing social ultra convictions, strife point of view accepts law is connected to battle over social qualities and material riches; subsequently, it sees law as an apparatus of persecution, which advances the premiums of prevailing social gatherings over the premiums of subordinate groups.Furthermore, society, by struggle points of v iew, isn't held together by agreement yet by influence; and the influence originates from property and capital on which financial framework and individuals' endurance depends. Furthermore, financial determinism and authority hypothesis are two forms of contention viewpoint. Financial matters determinism centers around law s an oppressive device constrained by monetarily predominant class deliberately to keep up their monetary force through compulsion. In this way, law is utilized to abuse and mistreat subordinate groups.Hegemony hypothesis thinks about law as an ideological gadget, which gives authority, which impacts how individuals comprehend the world, for capital class to legitimize their capacity. In this way, law is utilized to force convictions onto subordinate gatherings. In an end, all contention hypotheses generally express that imbalances in dispersion of significant resound:sees in social framework cause pressures between those with and those without assets. At that poin t, struggle rises up out of those strains; and such clash might have the option to change social relations and Structure Of a social framework (Beer, 9/9).In the Rogers case, Rogers as a representative, whose living relied upon her boss, was an individual from subordinate gathering; and the American Airline as an industrialist class manager was the prevailing gathering. In light of the key fundamentals of contention point of view, struggle viewpoint would see Rogers case as strife between predominant gathering, American Airline, and subordinate gathering, Renee Rogers; and the law, for this situation, was utilized as a device to help the intensity of American Airline to command over its representative, Rogers.As for sees from financial determinism, law guaranteed that the entrepreneur class can do what it thinks can expand its income, as it constrained its workers to have an expert, perfect looks so as to satisfy its shoppers and, in the long run, to accomplish more incomes. For thi s situation, law mistreated Rorer's privileges to control her appearance and opportunity to communicate; and manager, as the decision class, utilized law as a weapon to abuse Rogers for its own financial interests.Moreover, with respect to the clarifications from authority hypothesis, law forced the legitimization of American Airline's arrangements onto Rogers and different representatives who looked for not to have uniform appearances, which safeguarded the intensity of prevailing class. For this situation, law was an ideological gadget that serves to change Rorer's comprehension of how her hairdo associated to her presentation on the job.In short, the disparity and command subordinate connection between American Airline and Rogers caused the contention between them. What's more, law will in general purpose the contention by abusing Rogers. Looking at two points of view above, clash viewpoint is all the more persuading o me for following reasons. Initially, ethnocentric judgment ab out fitting standards might be utilized by social point of view. Various bits of knowledge of social societies exist among various racial gatherings, despite the fact that these gatherings are inside the equivalent society.For case, African Americans may consider that the all-meshed â€Å"cornrow† haircut is slick, clean, and systematic hairdo that is suitable for Rorer's situation at American Airline. Be that as it may, since African American is a minor ethnicity, its social standards and customs are dismissed when they can't help contradicting standard social standards and customs. Along these lines, the fitting hairdo might be controlled by ethnocentric judgment that denies African American standards.

Need a Writer For the Best Paper?

Need a Writer For the Best Paper?Is it possible to write a great paper without the help of a writer for the best paper? It's possible and there are many writers available online who can do it for you, at very reasonable prices.Writing a paper is an art that takes years of practice and concentration to develop. It requires the ability to organize the information you've gathered into an organized coherent piece of text, which makes it very hard to simply plop down words into a piece of paper. There is a need to allow the words and sentence structure to flow easily into each other, which is where the writer for the best paper comes in.Writing a paper is very similar to writing an essay, where you gather information into a structured essay. The main difference is the length of the essay. In essays, you need to be able to list points and reasons, whereas in a paper, you just need to stick to your topic, which is what you need for a good essay. Your readers will notice the amount of resear ch you've done for the best paper and will be impressed by it.If you can't write a paper for the best paper yourself, then it is important to find a writer for the best paper. A writer for the best paper will have all the necessary skills to get the job done and help you be on your way to writing your paper with ease.You need to think about the types of assignments you want to do, which can vary from writing articles to editing various types of projects. Your writer will be able to do whatever type of writing you need, so you should not have a problem finding someone to do your project for you. This writer will be able to review your documents for accuracy and be able to edit them accordingly.They'll be able to give you special instructions and guidelines for specific tasks you need to do. This will make the whole process easier for you, because you won't have to worry about writing an essay, thinking about the topics you're writing about, editing the information, rewriting your ide as, and worrying about making the material look neat and perfect.Finding a writer for the best paper is easy. Online writing services like Elance and Guru are full of freelance writers, who have the necessary skills to provide you with the best writing for the best paper. You will have the choice to choose who you want to work with and who you want to be paid according to the price of the document.All you have to do is to select a writer for the best paper based on the kind of document you are looking for. There are also times when you might want a writer for the best paper to be from another country to bring you the best work, as you don't want to pay too much. Remember that if you want the best paper, you need a writer who is able to write a paper in minutes, with precise details, and this means you need a writer for the best paper.

Immigration in America (1970s and 1980s) Essay - 550 Words

How Immigration in America Changed During the 1970s and 1980s (Essay Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameClass nameDate of submissionHow immigration changed during the 1970s and 1980sThe period between 1970s and 1980s witnessed two major changes in immigration patterns. To begin with, this period witnessed an increase in the number of people who were migrating into the United States. The years preceding the 1970s had witnessed stable economic growth brought about by an economic model that had been applied after the Second World War. The primary goal of this economic model was to act as a springboard for wider economic growth (Borjas, 42). In developed countries, government enacted spending regulations aimed at sustaining mass production and sustained economic growth. On the other hand, governments in developing countries undertook large scale investment and spending with an aim of generating income and eliminating production bottlenecks. In doing so, they created internal demand that local private and public producers co uld satisfy.This model of industrial growth founded on internal market development started declining in the early 1970s. In the course of the following years, the model was discarded in favor of a new one that was based on international trade. In industrialized nations, production became more capital intensive and markets became fragmented due to mass production. In order to ensure that their economies did not go into recession, developing countries eliminated bureaucracies and government owned companies were privatized. According to Borjas (43), the existing tariff barriers were done away with and this exposed the previously guarded markets to global competition. After some time, many countries that are traditional source of immigrants like Mexico could not compete in the global markets. Many people became increasingly poor and decided to migrate into other countries instead of waiting to die of poverty in their country. This explains why there was an increase in the number of peop le who were migrating into the United States during the 1970 and 1980s.The second change in immigration patterns in the 1970s and 1980s was that there were new people who were migrating into the United States. Throughout the history of the United States, majority of immigrants originated from Latin American countries like MÃÆ'xico. However, this migration pattern changed during the 1970s and 1980s as many immigrants from Asian countries immigrated into the country. As noted earlier in the paper, the first factor that caused global changes in immigration patterns after the Second World War was adoption of a new economic model based on international trade (Borjas, 77). The recently ended war had negative effects on the economies of many cou... Immigration in America (1970s and 1980s) Essay - 550 Words How Immigration in America Changed During the 1970s and 1980s (Essay Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameClass nameDate of submissionHow immigration changed during the 1970s and 1980sThe period between 1970s and 1980s witnessed two major changes in immigration patterns. To begin with, this period witnessed an increase in the number of people who were migrating into the United States. The years preceding the 1970s had witnessed stable economic growth brought about by an economic model that had been applied after the Second World War. The primary goal of this economic model was to act as a springboard for wider economic growth (Borjas, 42). In developed countries, government enacted spending regulations aimed at sustaining mass production and sustained economic growth. On the other hand, governments in developing countries undertook large scale investment and spending with an aim of generating income and eliminating production bottlenecks. In doing so, they created internal demand that local private and public producers co uld satisfy.This model of industrial growth founded on internal market development started declining in the early 1970s. In the course of the following years, the model was discarded in favor of a new one that was based on international trade. In industrialized nations, production became more capital intensive and markets became fragmented due to mass production. In order to ensure that their economies did not go into recession, developing countries eliminated bureaucracies and government owned companies were privatized. According to Borjas (43), the existing tariff barriers were done away with and this exposed the previously guarded markets to global competition. After some time, many countries that are traditional source of immigrants like Mexico could not compete in the global markets. Many people became increasingly poor and decided to migrate into other countries instead of waiting to die of poverty in their country. This explains why there was an increase in the number of peop le who were migrating into the United States during the 1970 and 1980s.The second change in immigration patterns in the 1970s and 1980s was that there were new people who were migrating into the United States. Throughout the history of the United States, majority of immigrants originated from Latin American countries like MÃÆ'xico. However, this migration pattern changed during the 1970s and 1980s as many immigrants from Asian countries immigrated into the country. As noted earlier in the paper, the first factor that caused global changes in immigration patterns after the Second World War was adoption of a new economic model based on international trade (Borjas, 77). The recently ended war had negative effects on the economies of many cou...

Essay Sample about My Mistakes

Essay about my wrongdoings and mistakes Have you ever been involved in some serious wrongdoing? What lesson did you learn from the experience? Highway to Death Making mistakes is a natural part of life, since learning from them helps us to progress. My love for speed started while I was a young girl. I enjoyed watching car races and was fond of playing car speeding games, unlike other girls my age who had a passion for dolls. When my dad noticed my interest, he would take me to the rally competition each year. Five months after my dad’s funeral, I decided to take his 504 Peugeot for a ride. After I had done about 3 miles from home, I pressed on the gas pedal to the far end, shifting gears at an interval of 5 seconds. For a while it felt awesome, but I was starting to get scared, and when the speed approached the 87 mph mark, I could see a grave sign blinking on the dashboard. A dark cloud covered the sky, and for seconds there was a pin drop silence. I drove past a red light at a crossroad, and from the passenger window I could see a trailer driving towards me. My head hit hard on the steering wheel and the shards of broken glass spewed in all direction. From a distance, I could hear the ambulance siren and a male voice that kept repeating the words â€Å"you are going to be alright, hold on, we are almost there†. My whole body was numb, and at some point I thought was dying. Yes, I still love fast cars and cool stunts performed by great drivers, but I chose to be on the spectator side of it all. I fully recovered after 15 months, but I will never forget that deadly ordeal that almost took my life. Observing speed limits and traffic lights have become a compulsory routine to my driving.

Benefits And Benefits Of Employee Benefits - 1199 Words

Employee benefits were not a significant part of most employees compensation packages until the mid-twentieth century. In the U.S., benefits included only about 3 percent of total payroll costs for companies in 1929. According to U.S. Chamber of Commerce, however, employee benefits in the U.S. now include approximately 42 percent of total payroll costs. Several things account for the huge increase in the importance of employee benefits in the U.S. In the 1930s, the Wagner Act considerably increased the ability of labor unions to establish workers and bargain for better wages, benefits, and working conditions. Labor unions from the 1930s to 1950s took advantage and negotiated for new employee benefits that have since become common in both unionized and non-union companies. Federal and state legislation requires companies to offer certain benefits to employees. Employers may find themselves at a disadvantage in the market if they do not offer competitive benefit packages. In the U.S., legislation requires almost all employers to offer the social security benefit, unemployment insurance, and workers compensation insurance. Companies with 50 or more employees, are required to also offer employees an unpaid family and medical leave benefit. The Social Security Act of 1935, provides monthly benefits to retired workers who are at least 62 years of age, disabled workers, and their eligible spouses and dependents. Social Security is financed by contributions made by the employeeShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Benefits Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesor not, when the phrase employee benefits is mentioned there are many different perspectives from various angles as to what exactly employee benefits entail. Some perspectives are, but not limited to, what is deemed an employee benefit, what benefits are required by law to be given to employees, benefits that employees might feel are superior, and whether or not benefits provide value to the employer. For clarification purposes Alison Doyle offers this, â€Å"Employee benefits are non-salary compensationRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Benefits1957 Words   |  8 PagesEmployee benefits are an important component of compensation for many US employee s. Approximately 30% of worker compensation comes in the form of fringe benefits, and benefits have been linked to increased productivity and worker satisfaction, and reduced absenteeism (Artz, 2010). 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Post employment benefits are employee benefits which are payable after the employment period is completed. Profit sharing bonus payment: an organisation should observe the future cost of profit sharing and bonus payments only if the organisation has a present obligation to make these payments based on the result of past events. A trustworthy assessment of the obligation can be madeRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Benefits1847 Words   |  8 PagesI’ve chosen the topic of employee benefits and the varying considerations given to benefits as part of total compensation around the globe. What are the issues to be considered? What about the MNE employee? The content of this paper includes key excerpts and a condensation (compacted by 80%) of current knowledge regarding the administration of employee benefits as published by McGraw-Hill 2011 in â€Å"The Handbook of Employee Benefits: Health and Group Benefits, 7th Edition. Jerry S. RosenbloomRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Satisfaction1611 Words   |  7 PagesBenefits play a major role towards employee satisfaction and how they behave in an organization. Employee satisfaction is necessary for the success of any organization. Keeping employee satisfaction should be a priority for every employer. There are many reasons why an employee can become discouraged with their jobs. Some include: lack of communication within the organization, high stress levels, lack of recognition, or limit opportunity for growth. Health insurance is one benefit in the foundationRead MoreBenefits And Rewards For Employee Benefits1785 Words   |  8 PagesEmployee benefits are an essential component of an organization’s total rewards strategy. Today companies design benefits packages that are unique and rewarding in order to attract and retain talented workers. In fact, employee benefits have evolved significantly over the years. 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In fact, an employer’s total benefit package plays just an important role in attracting and retaining talent for organizations as monetary compensation, according to a recentRead MoreEmployee Compensation And Benefits Package Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction – Employee Compensation and Benefits This paper will outline an employee compensation and benefits package for a new hire for a secretary for the department. First, it will describe the organization I chose for designating a compensation package. Next, this paper will develop an employee compensation and benefits package for this new position. This paper will outline an employee compensation and benefits package for a new hire for a secretary for the department. First, it will describeRead MoreEmployee Compensation And Benefits Packages Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesEmployee Compensation and Benefits Organizations create compensation and benefits packages in order to attract the best talent. In today’s global economy it is imperative that organizations offer compensation packages that are competitive in order to recruit the very best talent in the world. However, in order to be successful, compensation packages must align with business strategies. Authors â€Å"Mathis, Jackson, and Valentine (2014) explain that an effective total rewards approach balances the

Technology And Its Effects On Children - 1733 Words

Unplug Electronics With a flip of a switch or press of a button, Parents can have their child entertained for hours on end. Televisions and Tablets are the twenty-first century babysitters. The average child spends an astounding 7.5 hours per day on some form of technology (Rowan 2), when the recommend allotted amount of time should be no more than two hours (Kaneshiro 1). Technology is rapidly evolving, making limitless possibilities available for entertainment. This virtual â€Å"babysitter† enables the parents to devote all their time and effort into their work or engross in technology with limited amounts of distraction from the children. Although, the parents are able to have free time, excessive amounts of screen time is proven to be detrimental to their child’s health and overall well-being. The technology that is drastically making life easier is a big blessing, but at the same time is a big curse. Twelve percent of all children in America are consider to be ove rweight or obese (Kushi, ETAL 1). Many factors contribute to obese children, but one major similarity in obese children is the excessive amounts screen time. Watching television and playing video games encourage many unhealthy habit that contribute to weight gain. The act of watching television teaches the unhealthy habit of long periods without physical activity, increased snacking behavior, and interferes with normal sleeping patterns (Strasburger 1) Apart from sleeping, children spend most of their timeShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Effect On Children981 Words   |  4 PagesPresent day technology today has helped us connect with others miles away through E-mail, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and other forms of social media. Although technology was initially designed to improve communication, the reliance on technology has an adverse effect on many families and the children, in particular the problem that it causes interference in relationships. According to Smith, â€Å"19% of Americans adults rely to some degree on a smartphone for accessing online services and informationRead MoreTechnology and Its Effects on Children1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of technology has skyrocketed over the past few years, with a whopping ninetyfive percent of people utilizing the internet, constantly checking smartphones, and relying on other forms of media for entertainment, socializing, or work related instances. Compared with the digital satellites, MP3 players, and Palm Pilots of the 1990s, the technology today has truly advanced, causing many people to become dependent on media-related devices. More than fifty percent of today’s youth contribute toRead Moreeffects of technology on children1279 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON CHILDREN In today’s world Technology is everywhere. We use computers for almost everything in everyday life, including â€Å"babysitting† our children. Computers can have both positive and negative effects on children, while some of the negative effects on health and development are unseen. As adults, we understand the physical world around us and the concepts inside computer programs. Children, on the other hand, need to learn this with traditionalRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Children928 Words   |  4 Pagesis not uncommon to see children using technology. In fact, just about everywhere you venture you are likely notice a child with an iPhone, or a tablet. Within the last five years’ elementary schools have been depending more on technology such as computers, and tablets for learning, compared to 10 years ago when everything was teacher taught and the closest form of technology found in the classroom happened to be a projector. The fact that there wa s little use of technology in elementary schools whenRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Children s Children Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesOverstimulation of Technology Causes ADHD in Children Alderman states, â€Å"kids from eight to eighteen years of age spend seven and a half hours a day using entertainment media.† This startling fact means that out of only 24 hours in a day, nearly one third of that time is spent looking at a screen. With screen time becoming more prevalent, it is no surprise that there are effects on the human body. The rise of technology use and ADHD diagnosis correlate to conclude that overstimulation of technology causes ADHDRead MoreTechnology And Its Detrimental Effect On Children1123 Words   |  5 PagesLuke Stafford En 102 Essay 4 6/22/2015 Technology is a large part of everyday life in the 21st century, and the effects of its power over our culture are clearly visible in multiple ways. For example, social media is the most popular form of communication and using the internet and computers seems second nature to us, especially in the form of entertainment. Many children today have never known a time when they didn’t have access to the internet, a television, or a cell phone. Everything is accessibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Younger Children1319 Words   |  6 Pages Health Effects from the Use of Technology in Younger Children The modern times we live in today are constantly changing in hopes that we as humans thrive successfully. To be more specific, technological advancements are driving our society into new feats that could never be imagined in the past. Thanks to this technology, we have excelled in vital fields such as medicine, education, engineering, and many more aspects that can be considered vital for our benefit, let alone our existence. ModernRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Children And Teenagers1456 Words   |  6 Pages To this day and age, we see more and more children and teenagers craving technology. We now see ten year olds with their own iPhones. This has caused many children and teenagers to become addicted to technology. For this reason, technology exposure limitations should abide. What ever happened to only calling and texting on a phone? â€Å"A recent meta-analysis of post studies led by researchers at the University of Exter, U.K., suggests that men who store their phones in their pockets risk exposing themselvesRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Children s Children1423 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"It damaged our kids!† â€Å"No, it helped them!† These are the common arguments between adults about using technology for their children. Both have good points, however, it depends which angle they are looked at. There are different positive and negative views of technology regarding a child’s social skills, education, creativity, and health. Every morning, to keep a toddler from bothering the family or babysitter, adults turn on the television on, directly to an educational channel, such as PBS KidsRead MoreNegative Effects of Technology on Children1580 Words   |  7 PagesONLINE DATAS AND RESEARCH Negative Effects of Technology on Children March 21, 2010 According to a New York Times article this January, the average kid, ages 8-18, spends over 7  ½ hours a day using technology gadgets equaling 2  ½ hours of music, almost 5 hours of tv and movies, three hours of internet and video games, and just 38 minutes of old fashioned reading according to the Kaiser Family Foundation, which adds up to 75 hours a week! These statistics are not just mere numbers; they are a reflection

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1494 Words

â€Å"The Great Gatsby was written in 1925 by the famous author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The story takes place in Long Island, New York during the roaring twenties. Gatsbys started from the bottom success story makes him the symbol of the American dream. â€Å"Daisy Buchanan is one of the true Golden Girls of Fitzgeralds stories, the wealthy, hard-to get debutante. In this book, she is the love interest of Jay Gatsby†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The Great Gatsby) Francis Scott Fitzgerald shows an image of the American life in the 1920s. Daisy and Gatsby’s relationship is a failure because it are not based on love, but on materialism. Fitzgerald demonstrates how love can block your path, and success can make you corrupt. Gatsby, who was actually born James Gatz, was a son to poor famers in North Dakota. He is a man who knows right from wrong but teeters on the line of each. In the beginning Gatsby dreamed of leaving the farm life and become rich. He soon leaves home in search of the proposed â€Å"American Dream†. He enrolls into St. Olaf’s College with a janitorial job, but he dropped out only two weeks in because he couldn’t stand the job. One day while on the beach he sees a yacht and approaches it. This is where Gatsby meets Dan Cody. Dan Cody is obviously a rich man. Gatsby was seventeen and Cody was fifty years old. He offers Gatsby his first job. He showed Gatsby the ways of the real world. As the story opens, Nick (the narrator) has moved next door to Gatsby. Nick has the same background as Gatsby. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1343 Words

In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen uses satire to prove how all relationships should be filled with love, happiness, and understanding, despite the universal views of social standings determining an individual’s likeness. Once the two main characters: Fitzwilliam Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet first meet at the Meryton Ball, Austen struggles to find a mutual interest between the two, due to their contradicting outlooks on societies. Mr. Darcy, who is in the upper class, views all lower class citizens to be beneath him and his standards, unlike Elizabeth, who in the middle class, relies heavily on first impressions and accepts everyone with a respectful demeanor. As Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet progress in their relationship though, their stubborn personalities begin to fade, creating a new and refreshing outlook on their family, friends, and each other. Elizabeth Bennet is a member of the upper middle class who resides in Longbourn, along with her four sisters and he r parents. At first, Mr. Darcy disliked the Bennet family, not only because of their monetary inferiority, but also because of their abrupt and classless behavior in public. For example, during dinner at the Netherfield Ball, Mrs. Bennet immediately brags about the connection between her eldest daughter, Jane, and Mr. Bingley, Mr. Darcy’s friend , stating how a marriage would be approaching, even though Jane and Mr. Bingley had just met. Furthermore, Mrs. Bennet goes on to say how it is â€Å"such aShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1294 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen s exceptional novel Pride and Prejudice has been depicted as a classic that is as much a social study on class, marriage and gender as it is a romantic tale. It is an amusing representation of the social atmosphere of the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century England, and it is primarily required with courtship rituals of the English high class. The novel is more than a romantic tale, howe ver through Austen s subtle, and ironic style, it addresses gender, class, and marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independentRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice992 Words   |  4 Pages It is unfortunate that many people tend to dismiss Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, as simply a romantic love story, even labeling it a â€Å"chick flick.† Upon a shallow reading, it may appear to be such, but a closer look at the novel reveals so much more embedded in the story. In addition to describing the entertaining relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the novel serves to forward Austen s personal values and ideas. Furthermore, there is one issue of her era that she particularlyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1138 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It begins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane AustenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’s main goal for woman in the Victorian era was marriage. As seen many in Pride and Prejudice, marriage wasRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this financialRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, she has specific criteria that her characters follow when choosing their mates. In today’s society, most couples still follow these criteria and more when choosing their id eal mate. What are these important criteria that Austen’s characters consider when choosing a mate? For Austen, the important criteria that she has for choosing a mate are that couples are personally compatible, they are in love with each other, and they must have a good moral character. Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1468 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening arou nd her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth growsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen is pre-occupied with the theme of marriage. Marriage is a central issue of a woman’s life but it was even more crucial for the women of her society where women were largely dependent on the men in their lives. As a result, women pursued socio-economic stability through marriage. However, it is clear through the novel that Austen did not agree with this part of her society. In Pride and Prejudice, she gives preference to a marriage which is based on love

Mary Shelley Essay Example For Students

Mary Shelley Essay Mary Shelley also wrote sentences which would make the reader sympathise with the monster. These are said by the monster when states, I sat down and wept. Here not only does the monster describes himself as a baby but also as a being which people would feel sympathy for. When someone will cry automatically people would feel sympathy for them, so in the same way people would sympathise for the creature. As well as the monster expressing him as a new born, he also shows his intelligence in chapters 11-16. There are many actions which the monster does to show his intelligence. In chapter 11 he shows how observing something would increase ones knowledge. I examined the materials of the fire, and to my joy found it to be composed of wood. At this part the monster says that just by looking at the materials that were used to create the fire, he knew in which way the fire was created. This here shows the ability of the monsters observational skills and how quickly he can link it to other stuff. In this case how he can observe something and then link it to how the observation was done. Shortly after the monsters experience with fire, he finds something awkward about what he had said after putting out the fire. How strange, I thought, that the same cause should produce such opposite effects! The monster finds it strange because a fire was meant to cause pain and hurt but for him it was joyful. This does not justify for what Frankenstein said about the monster gaining pleasure from evil but shows how the monster can tell when something is bad it can also be a source of goodness. So this phrase shows how the monster found it strange for fire to give him joy not hurt and pain. Not only does the monster show off his observational skills, he possesses something which normal human beings posses. That is the ability to learn something new everyday. The evidence for this is when the monster says, my mind received every day additional ideas. Here the monster tells the reader that everyday he learns something new. This also shows how quickly he can learn. It didnt take him a long time to seize knowledge. While a normal person would take years to develop his intellect, the monster was able to improve his own intelligence very quickly. The monster, in the novel, carries on telling the reader what he had learned. For example I distinguished the insect from the herb, and, by degrees, one herb from another. This shows his ability to tell apart from a plant and an insect. Although the monster was able to observe and then apply the observation to real life and also was able to distinguish between animals and plants, the monster was yet not able to utter any words. So because of the absence of language he was not able to communicate. He felt that is was a need for him to learn the language of the cottagers. He says, in two months I began to comprehend most of the words uttered by my protectors. This shows that the ability to learn a new language for the monster is a simple task for him. While for a human it would take years to learn a new language. This means that the monster has unique qualities which outshine the qualities of humans. Also not only does it shows his abilities but also shows his determination to learn and seek knowledge. In two months the monster was able to learn most words the cottagers were saying, meaning that he really wanted to learn, so therefore he learned quickly. Further evidence of him learning rapidly is when Safie, the Arabian, also wants to learn the language so he learns with her. He says, I improved more rapidly than the Arabian, who understood very little, and conversed in broken accents, whilst I comprehended and could imitate almost every word that was spoken. This is proof that he learns faster than humans and better. The monster was able to get the correct accent whilst Safie was struggling.

Human Resource Management A Contemporary -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Importance Of Human Resource Management Within An Organization? What Is The Role Of Human Resource Management Within An Organization? What Benefit Does The Organization Achieve From HRM? Answers: Introducation managing people within an organization for maximizing the performance of an employee with appropriate strategic objectives (Kehoe Wright, 2013). It is identified that the profession of HRM plays an important role within an organization as it deals with various issues that is associated with compensation performance management, organization safety, benefits, employee motivation and more. It mainly plays a strategic role in managing people and workplace environment as well as culture. Source of secondary data:In this plan, secondary research method is utilized. It is identified that secondary research data are generally collected with the help of journals, reports of business, public records as well as statistical documents https://therith.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/the-importance-of-hrm-for-organizatioin.pdf https://www.humanresourceexcellence.com/importance-of-human-resource-management/The research questions are as follows: Search Terms: The search terms include: Importance of Human resource management Benefit gained from HRM Role of HRM within an organization Summary of the articles: According to Budhwar and Debrah (2013), an organization cannot build proper team of working professionals without proper HRM. The main key functions of HRM team are to recruit, train, and manage performance appraisals, motivating employees and more. On the other hand, it is stated by Sparrow, Brewster and Chung (2016) that proper HR department is very much important to an employee-oriented workplace in which the employees are engaged. References Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Brewster, C., Houldsworth, E., Sparrow, P., Vernon, G. (2016).International human resource management. Kogan Page Publishers. Budhwar, P. S., Debrah, Y. A. (Eds.). (2013).Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), 366-391. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource man

Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example

Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html